El Mojedu Un invento Divertido para refrescar, The Mojedu A funny invention to refresh

Los grandes inventores de la historia han sido famosos por haber creado sus propios trabajos que han sido utilizados incluso hasta la actualidad y que quizás por curiosidad o por una meta real lograron ese objetivo. Como ejemplo se mencionan a THOMAS  EDISON, inventor de la bombilla eléctrica; ROBERT HOOKE, inventor del barómetro; GALILEO GALILEI, inventor del termómetro; LEONARDO DA VINCI, inventor de diversos objetos; solo por mencionar algunos de los más famosos de estos grandes inventores.

Todo invento debe tener como meta final, que sea útil para lo  que se haya designado y que aun cuando no se aspire a convertirse en un multimillonario quede la satisfacción de que ese invento lo hicimos nosotros.

The great inventors of history have been famous for creating his own works that have been used even today and perhaps out of curiosity or a real goal achieved that goal. As mentioned example THOMAS EDISON invented the light bulb, Robert Hooke, inventor of the barometer, Galileo Galilei, inventor of the thermometer, LEONARDO DA VINCI, inventor of various objects, just to mention some of the most famous of these great inventors.

Any invention must have the ultimate goal that is useful for what is designated and that even when not aspire to become a billionaire be the satisfaction that we did that invention.

Objetivos:

Especialmente es para todas aquellas personas que sufren de calor y necesitan un poco de aire que los relaje, es altamente practico por su tamaño, su creación es sencilla y muy rápida, se estima que si muchas personas conocieran el efecto temporal que produce, que es relajarse con aire frio, se atreverían a hacer un Mojedu que es en pocas palabras un aire acondicionado hecho por nosotros mismos.

objectives:
            It is especially for those people suffering from heat and need a little air than relax, it is highly practical for its size, its creation is simple and very fast, it is estimated that if many people knew the temporary effect it produces, which is relax with cold air, would dare to make a Mojedu which is in short an air conditioner made ​​for ourselves.

¿Qué apoyo tiene?

Pues muchas personas al ver que el Mojedu es un simulador de aire acondicionado se podrían motivar a crearlo ya que es muy práctico y fácil de hacer.

¿What support do you have?

For many people to see that the simulator is Mojedu air conditioning could motivate create as it is very practical and easy to do.

¿Es Físico o Químico, Porque?

Es Físico porque el sistema de funcionamiento es mecánico, ¿cómo así? Pues el aire caliente entra por los orificios al final del envase, el ventilador cumple la función de sacarlo del envase pero lo saca frio porque dentro del envase están unos hielos que hacen que el aire se enfrié.

Is it physical or chemical, why?

It is physical because the operating system is mechanical, how so? As the warm air enters through the holes at the end of the container, the fan has the function of removing the container but it takes cold because inside the container are some ice to make the air cools.

¿De Dónde Viene?

            Es creación Propia con algunos videos vistos semejantes en www.youtube.com los cuales se enfocan en la creación de artefactos electrónicos como lámparas, ventiladores, helicópteros, etc.

¿Where did It Come From?

            Self-creation is viewed with some videos on www.youtube.com similar which focus on the creation of electronic devices such as lamps, fans, and helicopters.

¿Qué aporte tiene a la ciencia?

            Pues no aporta mucho a la ciencia porque es un artefacto construido con materiales reciclables, es un invento sencillo y lo mejor es que es gratis. Es más que todo para divertirse y relajarse en momentos de calor.

What contribution has to science?

Well, does little to science because it is a device built from recyclable materials, is a simple invention and the best thing is it's free. Is mostly for fun and relaxation in times of heat.

Materiales/ Materials

Ø  Exacto- Right

Ø  Cable USB-

Ø  Ventilador de PC-  PC fan

Ø  Lata- Can

Ø  CD Viejo- Old CD

Ø  Tornillos- Screws

Ø  Marcador- Marker

Ø  Soldador- Welder

Ø  Hielo- Ice

Descripción de los pasos/ Description of the steps

Paso 1/ Step 1

 

Cortar con el Exacto un círculo en la tapa de la lata el cual sea del tamaño del ventilador para que circule el aire.            

Accurate cutting with a circle on the lid of the can which is the size of the fan to circulate air.

Paso 2/ Step 2

            Cortar el cable USB por el extremo que no se usara, dejando solo el lado que se conectara a la PC, el cable USB tendrá 4 colores: blanco, rojo, verde y negro. El cable verde y el cable amarillo los cortaremos porque no son necesarios mientras que el cable rojo y el cable negro lo empataremos respectivamente a cada color del ventilador. Rojo con Rojo y Negro con Negro.

Cut the USB cable end was not used, leaving only the side that was connected to the PC, the USB cable will have 4 colors: white, red, green and black. The green and yellow wire to cut them because they are not needed while the red and black cable it will join respectively to each color of the fan. Red with red and black with black.

Paso 3/ Step 3

Después de que hayamos unido el cable USB con el Ventilador procedemos a asegurarlo a la tapa de la lata con los 4 tornillos uno en cada esquina del ventilador.

After we connected the USB cable to proceed to secure the fan to the top of the can with the 4 screws at each corner of the fan.

Paso 4/ step 4

            con el soldador vamos a proceder a abrirles diversos agujeros al CD Viejo y colocarlo dentro de la lata  el cual es sostenido por 4 tornillos a una distancia de 5cm aproximadamente que estarán en la lata en forma de cruz. Esto es para colocar el hielo dentro de la lata los agujeros son para que el agua que va cayendo de los hielos caiga al fondo de la lata y no se salga.    

With the welder we proceed to open up several holes at Old CD and place it inside the can which is held by 4 screws at a distance of approximately 5cm which can be in the form of a cross. This is to put ice inside the can the holes are so that water that goes falling of the ices fall to the bottom of the can and not slip out.

Paso 5/ Step 5

En la lata en la parte inferior abriremos agujeros por toda la circunferencia en cual va a servir para la entrada de aire caliente, subirá, pasando por el hielo y saldrá frio de nuevo por la fuerza del ventilador. El agua va a ir quedando en el fondo de la lata y tendremos un Mojedu perfecto para refrescarnos, claro si se quiere se puede pintar así se le da un diseño original.

In the can at the bottom will open holes around the circumference in which will serve for the entrance of hot air, ascend, through the ice cold and will again by the force of the fan. water will be staying at the bottom of the can and have a perfect Mojedu to cool, of course if you can paint and is given an original design.

Fin/ End

Con el Mojedu podemos afirmar que mientras estemos usando la PC no tendremos preocupaciones si estamos en algún lugar caluroso o estemos en épocas de calor porque ya sabemos que podemos improvisar un aire acondicionado para no desesperarnos del calor. este invento es para todos aquellos como nosotros que sufrimos de calor y amamos el frio y sugerimos que hacerlo es muy divertido, fácil y que de verdad funciona aparte todo lo que usamos es reciclado no compramos nada y aquellos materiales que usamos posiblemente se podían convertir en basura, si amamos nuestro planeta inventar reciclando es bueno.

With Mojedu we can say that while we are using the PC does not have concerns if we're somewhere warm or hot weather we are in because we know we can improvise an air conditioner to not despair of heat. This invention is for all those like us who suffer from heat and love the cold and suggest that it is fun, easy and really works apart everything we use is recycled not buy anything and use materials that could possibly become garbage, if we love our planet invent recycling is good.

Aqui les dejamos este video en Youtube el cual explica de mejor manera como se elaboraron los pasos y una mejor explicacion por si quedaron algunas dudas.

Here we let this video on Youtube which explains better how the steps were developed and a better explanation if they were some doubts.

Algunas Páginas en internet donde vimos algunos modelos similares de aires acondicionados caseros son los cuales nos motivaron a crear el Mojedu fueron:

Some pages on the internet where we saw some similar models of air conditioners which landlords are motivated us to create the Mojedu were:

www.youtube.com

www.taringa.com

 

www.ikkaro.com 

La mayoría de todas las páginas mencionaban aires acondicionados complejos y con materiales costosos, nosotros decidimos ponerle nombre a nuestro invento y hacerlo con materiales 100% reciclables para apoyar, proteger y cuidar a nuestro planeta. 

Some pages on the internet where we saw some similar models of air conditioners which landlords are motivated us to create the Mojedu were:

Most of all the pages mentioned air conditioning complex and expensive materials, we decided to name our invention and make it 100% recyclable materials to support, protect and care for our planet.

Cloning

Cloning 
During this last time we heard about cloning but do we know what it is actually cloning?CLONING: a form of asexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals.We can say that there are two cloning methods: natural and artificial. An example of the first natural cloning is the case of the twins from an egg fertilized by sperm in the early stages of development is divided into two genetically identical individualsThe existence of genetically identical individuals occurs in many biological systems, usually associated with asexual reproduction: two similar plants whose origin is a branch or cutting. Also unicellular, multiply asexually by simple cell division, this would be the case of bacteria, which man uses as beneficial uses.Scientists use bacteria for all types of genetic studies because along with the genes of the bacteria can be cloned other genes.Since the last century is known as cloning plants from a single cell taken from some of its parts (leaves, stem, root etc.). But only since 1967 John Gurdon first results achieved by experimenting with frogs, because their eggs are large and plentiful, as well as being external reproduction. But the same die before reaching the tadpole stage.After thousands of experiments with mice and other mammals is reached only success story until 1997, the so famous Wilmut created Dolly.

 
 

Dolly came to adult - even had baby - this was generated from an adult cell, while in previous experiments performed with cell nuclei juveniles. But now arises the problem of rapid aging of their young.ExamplesThe steps to obtain a clone of mouse are:

    A clear egg donor mouse and mouse clone darker than intended.
    Of a newly fertilized egg DNA is extracted using a micropipette to avoid damaging the cell (mouse of course).
    Taking a cell from the mouse ovaries who wants to clone and extract the core containing the DNA.
    You enter the nucleus with the DNA extracted from mouse cell clone in the donor egg without its nucleus.
    The egg and implanted nucleus is grown in the laboratory to allow continued development.
    About 20 hours after the egg has become pre-embryo.
    The embryo is implanted in the uterus of a surrogate mother. The mouse clone will be born in a normal delivery.
    The mice born from this technique is a clone, ie exact copy of the cloned mouse egg.
    The foster mother is not involved in the process from the genetic point of view.

 As performed to clone Dolly, born in Scotland 
a cell is taken from the udder and it is extracted from the core containing all chromosomes.

    Stop the clock of the mammary cell to forget their previous function.
    In another sheep take an unfertilised egg from which the nucleus is removed because it contains only half of the chromosomes. The cytoplasm provides nutrients for the future embryo
    Combine the cytoplasm and nucleus. The latter has all the inheritance (DNA) of the mother sheep, so the clone will be just like her.
    Using an electric shock, the outer membranes of the ovum and the mammary cell merged.
    The nucleus with the DNA of the donor cell was integrated inside the empty egg.
    This merger made the cell began to divide and reproduce into an embryo.
    The embryo was implanted in the uterus of a third sheep, who made the role of "surrogate mother".
    Embryo development resulted Dolly, a sheep exactly equal to that at which a cell was extracted from mammary glands.But the technique was improved by the Japanese, where the new technique avoids the incisions in animal cloning.The difference is to take the colostrum cells in the fluid secreted by the mammary gland after birth.Obviously this technique led to the global reaction, especially if you think human cloning technique since it feeds the fantasy perpetuated by a clone, challenging our destiny as mortals.The questions that spring to mind are: Who do I clonaría and why, what it means, what would happen to this clone?, Among others.But what would happen to clone humans, taking into account the ethical, social and legal?Should clone animals to improve production quality of these?¿Boost only progress that deal with scientific or technical?As for the limits of scientific research, not only holds when the analysis focuses on cost - benefit.In short the debate on cloning shows the shortcomings of bioethics to respond to novel biological developments.

Bibliography

 http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/segregacion-genetica/clonac.htm

Clonacion

 Clonacion

Durante este último tiempo hemos escuchado sobre la clonación pero, ¿sabemos de qué se trata la clonación realmente?

CLONAR: es una forma de reproducción asexual que produce individuos genéticamente idénticos.

Podemos decir que hay dos métodos de clonación: natural y artificial. Un ejemplo de la primera clonación natural es el caso de los gemelos provenientes de un óvulo fecundado por un espermatozoide que en las primeras etapas de desarrollo se divide en dos individuos genéticamente idénticos

La existencia de individuos genéticamente idénticos se da en muchos sistemas biológicos, generalmente asociada a la reproducción asexual: dos plantas iguales, cuyo origen es un gajo o esqueje. También seres unicelulares, se multiplican asexualmente por simple división celular, tal sería el caso de las bacterias, las cuales el hombre usa como fines beneficiosos.

Los científicos usan las bacterias para todo tipo de estudios genéticos porque junto con los genes de la bacteria pueden clonarse otros genes.

Desde el siglo pasado se sabe como clonar plantas a partir de una única célula tomada de alguna de sus partes (hojas, tallo, raíz etc.). Sin embargo recién a partir de 1967 John Gurdon logra los primeros resultados experimentando con ranas, porque sus óvulos son grandes y abundantes, además de ser su reproducción externa. Pero las mismas morían antes de alcanzar el estado de renacuajo.

Luego de miles de experimentos con ratones y otros mamíferos se llega al único caso exitoso hasta 1997, la tan famosa oveja Dolly creada por Wilmut.

Dolly llegó a adulto – hasta tuvo cría – ésta fue generada a partir de una célula de adulto mientras que en experimentos anteriores se realizaba con núcleos de células juveniles. Pero se plantea hoy el problema del envejecimiento veloz de sus crías.

Ejemplos

Los pasos para obtener un clon de ratón son:

• Un ratón claro donante de óvulos y un ratón oscuro que se pretende clonar.
• De un óvulo recién fecundado se extrae el ADN usando una micropipeta para no dañar la célula (del ratón claro).
• Se toma una célula de los ovarios del ratón que se quiere clonar y se extrae el núcleo que contiene el ADN.
• Se introduce el núcleo con el ADN extraído de la célula del ratón a clonar en el óvulo del donante privado de su núcleo.
• El óvulo con el núcleo implantado se cultiva en el laboratorio para permitir la continuidad del desarrollo.
• Tras unas 20 horas el óvulo se ha transformado en pre-embrión.
• El embrión se implanta en el útero de una madre adoptiva. El ratón clónico nacerá en un parto normal.
• El ratón nacido gracias a ésta técnica es un clon, es decir copia exacta del ratón que ha clonado el óvulo.
• La madre adoptiva no interviene en el proceso desde el punto de vista genético.

Como realizaron el clon de Dolly, nacida en Escocia

Se toma una célula de la ubre y de ella se extrae el núcleo que contiene todos los cromosomas.

• Se detiene el reloj biológico de la célula mamaria para que se olvide su función anterior.
• De otra oveja se toma un óvulo no fecundado, del cual se elimina el núcleo porque contiene solo la mitad de los cromosomas. El citoplasma provee los nutrientes para el futuro embrión
• Se combinan el citoplasma y el núcleo. Este último tiene toda la herencia (ADN) de la oveja madre, por eso el clon será igual a ella.
• Mediante una descarga eléctrica, las membranas externas del óvulo y la célula mamaria se fusionaron.
• El núcleo con el ADN de la célula donante se integró en el interior del óvulo vacío.
• Esta fusión hizo que la célula comenzara a dividirse y a reproducirse hasta convertirse en un embrión.
• El embrión se implantó en el útero de una tercera oveja, que hizo la función de "madre de alquiler".
• El desarrollo del embrión dio lugar a Dolly, una oveja exactamente igual a aquella a la que se le extrajo una célula de las glándulas mamarias.

Pero la técnica fue mejorada, por los japoneses, donde la nueva técnica evita las incisiones en los animales a clonar.

La diferencia consiste en tomar las células presentes en el calostro líquido segregado por la glándula mamaria después del parto.

Lógicamente ésta técnica provocó la reacción mundial, especialmente si se piensa en clonación humana dado que ésta técnica alimenta la fantasía de perpetuarse a través de un clon, desafiando nuestro destino como mortales.

Las preguntas que se nos vienen a la mente son: ¿A quienes sé clonaría y para qué, qué significa, qué pasaría con este clon?, entre otras.

Pero, ¿qué sucedería al clonar humanos, si se tienen en cuenta los aspectos éticos, sociales y legales?

¿Se debería clonar animales para mejorar la calidad de la producción de éstos?

¿Favorecer sólo los avances que tengan que ver con los fines científicos o técnicos?

En cuanto a los límites de la investigación científica, sólo se sostiene cuando no se concentra en el análisis de costo – beneficio.

En resumen el debate sobre la clonación muestra las carencias de la bioética para responder a desarrollos biológicos novedosos.

                   

Bibliografía

 http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/segregacion-genetica/clonac.htm

Genetics

Genetics

Genetics is a science, and therefore as such, involves "a certain knowledge of things by their principles and causes." So ... What are these things that as a science studying genetics?, Then, the "biological inheritance" and "Changes." And, its principles and causes, are the "laws and principles" governing the "similarities" and "differences" between individuals of the same "species".Ddesglosar try defining genetic explanatory way, and so go up one by one the steps that lead to greater complexity within the same, which is the "manipulation". First, it is necessary to leave it for granted as clear a concept as simple, but is giving up, and then result in as many concepts. AI to speak of the characteristics pertaining to all living matter, it is said that "every living thing arises from another like him", that is, to have "characters" like those of its parent. And then what do we mean by "character"? It's every quirk, every feature, either morphological (shape), functional, biochemical (some authors also include psychological traits) that provides a biological individual.And these "characters" or features do belong to the same "species". ("Species" is a term that, according to the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, refers to "the set of things similar to each other, having one or more characters in common with each other").So far everything points to the genetic studies similar characters which are transmitted from parents to children, those who make them look like each other. But it happens that also have characters that are not similar, varying, and which in this science are called "variations", and are also transmitted genetically, or are influenced by the environment, which is called " paratype ".What is still dark within this definition, is how they are transmitted from one generation to another, these "characters" and these "variations" appear this is where the concept of "gene", a term which derives the name of this exciting science, which is genetics.

  

The Genetics after Mendel: chromosome theory of inheritance A beginning of this century, when techniques for the study of the cell were sufficiently developed, it was determined that the genes were formed by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and also were within structures that appeared in the cytoplasm just before each cell divisi6n process. These structures are the denomin6 chromosomes, a term that means "colored bodies" by the intensity with which set certain colors to be dyed to be visible under the microscope. Besides these appeared was repeated in the cell forming a certain number of pairs of homologous chromosomes characteristic of each species, one of which was inherited from the father and the other from the mother. Also it was found that the number of pairs of chromosomes did not depend on the complexity of living. Thus, for example, in man there were 23 pairs of chromosomes, whereas in a plant such as wheat could be up to 28 pairs.

Based on these findings and studies conducted in 1906 by the American zoologist Thomas H. Morgan on the chromosomes of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), we could develop the theory of heredity cromos6mica which stated unequivocally physical localizac16n of genes in the cell. Thanks to this theory it could also give a final explicaci6n to cases where accuracy is not met Mendel's laws as above.Similar to Mendel, Morgan dedic6 a systematic way across different varieties of fruit flies. These flies they offered many advantages over the peas as they have a very short life cycle, produce large offspring, are easy to grow, so s6lo have four chromosomes and have hereditary characteristics easily observable, such as eye color, presence or absence of wings, etcetera.

 Genes and Disease 

With the help of gene probes, policies, doctors can now track the DNA for defective genes responsible for a multitude of ills.Some of these genes have been exposed, isolated and cloned.Here are some with diseases that trigger.
Hemophilia:Deficiency of normal blood clotting.Is caused by the absence of a protein coagulant.The gene was isolated and cloned in 1984. 
Alcoholism:In March 1990, researchers from Utah, USA, announced that a gene located on chromosome 11 could be involved in the development of the disease.

Huntington's chorea:Neurological disorders such as memory loss and uncontrolled movements.The gene is on chromosome 4. 

Sickle Cell Anemia:Injury caused by defective hemoglobin production, unable to carry oxygen in the blood.The mutant gene was isolated in 1980. 

Mucoviscosidosis:Or cystic fibrosis.Abnormal gene found in 1990 on chromosome 7.It affects thousands of children, causing them respiratory and digestive disorders.Congenital HypothyroidismIt affects about 80 children in Chile, causing profound mental retardation if not detected before six months.

Determinant of Sex:In July 1991, British biologists announced that the sex of the embryo is determined by the activation of a gene found in the male chromosome Y.

X Mental Retardation - Fragile:This is the most common inherited cause of mental retardation.Characterized by a sort of breakdown of one arm of chromosome X.They are looking for the corresponding gene.

Duchenne myopathy:Muscle atrophy that occurs about two years of age and leads to total paralysis. 

Manic - Depression:Also called bipolar disorder, affects about 2 percent of the population.The responsible gene was located in 1987, on chromosome 11. 

Schizophrenia:Affects 1 percent of the population.In 1989, psychiatrists at the University of London found the gene of madness in a region of chromosome 5.Lesch NyhanBlindness and paralysis.Occurs at a frequency of 1 in 3000 in the Jewish populations originating in Central Europe.Gene cloned in 1980.ADA deficiencyThere are 100 reported cases in the world, gene therapy, ethics to point to correct the gene.Congenital MalformationsThe risk of a pregnant woman has a child with a malformation gene, tica at birth is four percent.Among the cases m s common are:

Hydrocephalus:Excessive size of the head due to excessive accumulation of fluid inside the skull.

Microcephaly:Generally small and misshapen head, caused by an underdevelopment of the braincase.

Cleft Lip:Presence in the newborn of a cleft lip.

Imperfect Year:Deformity known as imperforate. The baby born without anus.Spina Bifida:Neural tube defect is an abnormality in the closure of one or more vertebra

             

Bibliography

www.monografias.com