Cloning
During this last time we heard about cloning but do we know what it is actually cloning?CLONING: a form of asexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals.We can say that there are two cloning methods: natural and artificial. An example of the first natural cloning is the case of the twins from an egg fertilized by sperm in the early stages of development is divided into two genetically identical individualsThe existence of genetically identical individuals occurs in many biological systems, usually associated with asexual reproduction: two similar plants whose origin is a branch or cutting. Also unicellular, multiply asexually by simple cell division, this would be the case of bacteria, which man uses as beneficial uses.Scientists use bacteria for all types of genetic studies because along with the genes of the bacteria can be cloned other genes.Since the last century is known as cloning plants from a single cell taken from some of its parts (leaves, stem, root etc.). But only since 1967 John Gurdon first results achieved by experimenting with frogs, because their eggs are large and plentiful, as well as being external reproduction. But the same die before reaching the tadpole stage.After thousands of experiments with mice and other mammals is reached only success story until 1997, the so famous Wilmut created Dolly.
Dolly came to adult - even had baby - this was generated from an adult cell, while in previous experiments performed with cell nuclei juveniles. But now arises the problem of rapid aging of their young.ExamplesThe steps to obtain a clone of mouse are:
A clear egg donor mouse and mouse clone darker than intended.
Of a newly fertilized egg DNA is extracted using a micropipette to avoid damaging the cell (mouse of course).
Taking a cell from the mouse ovaries who wants to clone and extract the core containing the DNA.
You enter the nucleus with the DNA extracted from mouse cell clone in the donor egg without its nucleus.
The egg and implanted nucleus is grown in the laboratory to allow continued development.
About 20 hours after the egg has become pre-embryo.
The embryo is implanted in the uterus of a surrogate mother. The mouse clone will be born in a normal delivery.
The mice born from this technique is a clone, ie exact copy of the cloned mouse egg.
The foster mother is not involved in the process from the genetic point of view.
As performed to clone Dolly, born in Scotland
a cell is taken from the udder and it is extracted from the core containing all chromosomes.
Stop the clock of the mammary cell to forget their previous function.
In another sheep take an unfertilised egg from which the nucleus is removed because it contains only half of the chromosomes. The cytoplasm provides nutrients for the future embryo
Combine the cytoplasm and nucleus. The latter has all the inheritance (DNA) of the mother sheep, so the clone will be just like her.
Using an electric shock, the outer membranes of the ovum and the mammary cell merged.
The nucleus with the DNA of the donor cell was integrated inside the empty egg.
This merger made the cell began to divide and reproduce into an embryo.
The embryo was implanted in the uterus of a third sheep, who made the role of "surrogate mother".
Embryo development resulted Dolly, a sheep exactly equal to that at which a cell was extracted from mammary glands.But the technique was improved by the Japanese, where the new technique avoids the incisions in animal cloning.The difference is to take the colostrum cells in the fluid secreted by the mammary gland after birth.Obviously this technique led to the global reaction, especially if you think human cloning technique since it feeds the fantasy perpetuated by a clone, challenging our destiny as mortals.The questions that spring to mind are: Who do I clonaría and why, what it means, what would happen to this clone?, Among others.But what would happen to clone humans, taking into account the ethical, social and legal?Should clone animals to improve production quality of these?¿Boost only progress that deal with scientific or technical?As for the limits of scientific research, not only holds when the analysis focuses on cost - benefit.In short the debate on cloning shows the shortcomings of bioethics to respond to novel biological developments.
During this last time we heard about cloning but do we know what it is actually cloning?CLONING: a form of asexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals.We can say that there are two cloning methods: natural and artificial. An example of the first natural cloning is the case of the twins from an egg fertilized by sperm in the early stages of development is divided into two genetically identical individualsThe existence of genetically identical individuals occurs in many biological systems, usually associated with asexual reproduction: two similar plants whose origin is a branch or cutting. Also unicellular, multiply asexually by simple cell division, this would be the case of bacteria, which man uses as beneficial uses.Scientists use bacteria for all types of genetic studies because along with the genes of the bacteria can be cloned other genes.Since the last century is known as cloning plants from a single cell taken from some of its parts (leaves, stem, root etc.). But only since 1967 John Gurdon first results achieved by experimenting with frogs, because their eggs are large and plentiful, as well as being external reproduction. But the same die before reaching the tadpole stage.After thousands of experiments with mice and other mammals is reached only success story until 1997, the so famous Wilmut created Dolly.
Dolly came to adult - even had baby - this was generated from an adult cell, while in previous experiments performed with cell nuclei juveniles. But now arises the problem of rapid aging of their young.ExamplesThe steps to obtain a clone of mouse are:
A clear egg donor mouse and mouse clone darker than intended.
Of a newly fertilized egg DNA is extracted using a micropipette to avoid damaging the cell (mouse of course).
Taking a cell from the mouse ovaries who wants to clone and extract the core containing the DNA.
You enter the nucleus with the DNA extracted from mouse cell clone in the donor egg without its nucleus.
The egg and implanted nucleus is grown in the laboratory to allow continued development.
About 20 hours after the egg has become pre-embryo.
The embryo is implanted in the uterus of a surrogate mother. The mouse clone will be born in a normal delivery.
The mice born from this technique is a clone, ie exact copy of the cloned mouse egg.
The foster mother is not involved in the process from the genetic point of view.
As performed to clone Dolly, born in Scotland
a cell is taken from the udder and it is extracted from the core containing all chromosomes.
Stop the clock of the mammary cell to forget their previous function.
In another sheep take an unfertilised egg from which the nucleus is removed because it contains only half of the chromosomes. The cytoplasm provides nutrients for the future embryo
Combine the cytoplasm and nucleus. The latter has all the inheritance (DNA) of the mother sheep, so the clone will be just like her.
Using an electric shock, the outer membranes of the ovum and the mammary cell merged.
The nucleus with the DNA of the donor cell was integrated inside the empty egg.
This merger made the cell began to divide and reproduce into an embryo.
The embryo was implanted in the uterus of a third sheep, who made the role of "surrogate mother".
Embryo development resulted Dolly, a sheep exactly equal to that at which a cell was extracted from mammary glands.But the technique was improved by the Japanese, where the new technique avoids the incisions in animal cloning.The difference is to take the colostrum cells in the fluid secreted by the mammary gland after birth.Obviously this technique led to the global reaction, especially if you think human cloning technique since it feeds the fantasy perpetuated by a clone, challenging our destiny as mortals.The questions that spring to mind are: Who do I clonaría and why, what it means, what would happen to this clone?, Among others.But what would happen to clone humans, taking into account the ethical, social and legal?Should clone animals to improve production quality of these?¿Boost only progress that deal with scientific or technical?As for the limits of scientific research, not only holds when the analysis focuses on cost - benefit.In short the debate on cloning shows the shortcomings of bioethics to respond to novel biological developments.
Bibliography
http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/segregacion-genetica/clonac.htm
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